lukmania

divided into:c) task-motivation for performing particular learning tasks (eg. you may be bored with some tasks or you feel you need more practice at. eg pronunciation. If you perceive the task too difficult, it can be motivating or notｨif it’s useful for you.

Also: integrative and instrumental motivation.

 

– series of opposing traits (assertive-non-assertive, extravert-introvert and so on) we’re almost somewhere in between.Extravert-introvertｨit doesn’t’ influence; it doesn’t seem to have any difference

Introverts-better in writingThey might be better in performing a particular task.

-social skills –generally extroverts are more socially skilled, people possessing more social skills acquire more input-that’s because they imitate more contract, it’s easier for you to maintain contact (ｨconversation).

-inhibitions-esp. strong in adults, usually refer to amount of input. If you’re inhibited you consider yourself a bad lg learner etc. the teacher’s gt o lower inhibitions by creating friendly atmosphere, by non-inhibiting correction.

 

 

How do people acquire second lg?→we don’t know, the reason is in our brain.

Theories about the factors how we acquire the lg.

we have to establish/create some theory

we need to draw some predictions

test these predictions

you approve, modify or abandon the predictions

ACCULTURATION MODEL ACCULTURATION MODEL – lg is inseparable of culture, people, nation. Lg is one of the most observable expressions of culture. Acculturation=process of becoming adopted to a new culture, certain idea is that 2^{nd lg acquisition is one aspect of acculturation, (the more acculturate you are, the better you learn). Acculturation is determined by social and psychological factor →the degree of which we acculturate →called social and psychological distance.}

Social distance-refers to the number of factors which influence the learner as a member of social group

Psychological distance-affective factor, connected with feelings and emotions

Elements important in social distance:

 

1. Perception of equuality-the way in which the lg groups view each other:

a) they view each other socially equal→ favorable situation for acquiring 2nd lg

b) the target lg group is considered superior →the learner is anxious to acquire the 2nd lg to improve his/her states

c) the T lg group is considered inferior →v. little motivation for learning the lg

2. desire to assimilate (on both sides)

a) when both groups have desire to assimilate-the best solution possible

b) one of the groups or both of them do not have the desire e.g immigrants-whether hey want or not

3. the extent to which groups share the same facilities , things like: schools, doctors, public transport, offices. If you’re expected to share the same facilities then you’re acculturated to this group. There are cases where you don’t need to contact with the T. lg when you have e.g. Polish schools, shops, you can remain separate.

4. the size and cohesion of the learner’s group.

Connected with sharing facilities. If a number of immigrant groups is not big they will not create their own community.

5. perceived length of stay

if your intention is to return home ASAP you wont acculturate. If you intend to stay for life, your attitude is different-it influences your acculturation. If you’re staying for life but you think still about coming back home you won’t acculturate.

6. degree of similarity of cultures-every culture is different but to different extent, eg European cultures. If the 2nd lg learner sees the T lg culture as similar to his/her own, then it’s easier for them to learn the lg. if the degree of difference is v. big we reject that culture. If it’s so much against to what you got used to.

 

:

1. lg shock

ｨthe first that hits us when we go to another country

ｨconfusion, doubts, difficulties experienced while using the lg

ｨwe all suffer from lg shock but it depends on the personality to what extent we’re shocked /stressed

2. culture shock

ｨpossible stress, fear, disorientation caused by the difference ion other culture

v. individual-some people are against other culture, refusing to try anything different from their culture, some are willing to accept to the difference

3. motivation

members of the same social group can have a various levels of motivation

4. ego boundaries

how open the person is towards new experiences in general, to accept a new status

 

 

1. communicative function-involves transmission of referential, necessary info-communicative f is on the second place

2. integrative function-involves the use of lg to maintain/foster social relationships, int. f. is the most common in your native lg community

3. expressive function-using the lg to display emotions and linguistic skills (the use of a lg for the sake of using the lg, eg. writing poetry, novels, short stories), usually connected with literature.

 

It may change in a T lg community: the most important is communicative function-necessary for survival. But it doesn’t require much linguistic skills. We can limit our using the lg to this (com) function when we don’t want to integrate. When we want to integrate-we need to use integrative f. we receive far more input. Expressive f is rare even in your native community, the distance determines the amount of lg you produce and you receiveｨso the amount of the lg you acquire.

 

. many learners restrict their use of lg only to the communicative function (using lg only to exchange info)-then it remains (the lg) poorly developed

the integrative f-wider use of the lg-to maintain contact with people, when we express our feelings, emotions-when we use a lg to be a member of social group

very high development of the lg-many native speakers of a lg do not use this function of their language (all newspapers-some of them)

 

ACCOMMODATION THEORY

2nd lg acquisition In the T lg community; similar to acculturation model (lg part of the culture, people and community). It resembles acculturation to some extent, but there are some differences.

→actual social distanceｨhow you perceive social distance

Both these theories emphasize the relationship between target lg community and lg learning. (ingroup-lg you belong originally, native lg; outgroup- target lg community/group)

In accommodation, the emphasis is more on perceived social distance, whether the learner perceives some factors as different or similar. AccommodationｨMotivation is the key factor in acquiring the lg-it’ll be the reflection of the way in which the learner functions in his own ethnic

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